Difference between revisions of "Help:List of currency symbols"

From ISFDB
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Added Kč, Kčs and zł)
(+Brazilian real)
(6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 51: Line 51:
 
| Canadian dollars
 
| Canadian dollars
 
| Used in Canada. Prices should be entered as "C$3.95".
 
| Used in Canada. Prices should be entered as "C$3.95".
 +
|-
 +
| CHF
 +
| Yes
 +
| Swiss francs
 +
| Used in Switzerland. Prices should be entered as "CHF 15.50".
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 +
| Din
 +
| Yes
 +
| Serbian and Yugoslavian dinars
 +
| Used in Serbia since 1868; also used in Yugoslavia between 1918 and 2006. Prices should be entered as "Din 21.50".
 +
|-
 
| dkr
 
| dkr
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
Line 57: Line 67:
 
| Used in Denmark. Prices should be entered as "dkr 7.00".
 
| Used in Denmark. Prices should be entered as "dkr 7.00".
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
|-
 
 
| '''$'''
 
| '''$'''
 
| No
 
| No
Line 86: Line 95:
 
* Tuvalu: TV$
 
* Tuvalu: TV$
 
or as "pesos":
 
or as "pesos":
* Argentina: AG$
+
* Argentina: AR$
 
* Chile: CLP$
 
* Chile: CLP$
* Colombia: COP$
+
* Colombia: COL$
 
* Cuba: $MN (or Cuba convertible -- CUC$)
 
* Cuba: $MN (or Cuba convertible -- CUC$)
 
* Dominica: RD$
 
* Dominica: RD$
 
* Mexico: Mx$ (also called "Mexican dollars")
 
* Mexico: Mx$ (also called "Mexican dollars")
 
* Uruguay: $U
 
* Uruguay: $U
 +
or as "reals":
 +
* Brazil: R$
 
Some of these currencies have individual rows in this table.
 
Some of these currencies have individual rows in this table.
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-
 
| DM
 
| DM
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Deutsche Mark
 
| Deutsche Mark
 
| Currency used in West Germany between 1948 and 1990, and then in post-reunification Germany between 1990 and the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Enter as "DM 7.80".
 
| Currency used in West Germany between 1948 and 1990, and then in post-reunification Germany between 1990 and the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Enter as "DM 7.80".
|-
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| €
 
| €
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Euro
 
| Euro
 
| Used in some European Union countries starting on 1999-01-01. Prices should be entered as "€9.95". Note that if you can't enter "€" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "E" instead. As long as the "E" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "€" when the submission is created.
 
| Used in some European Union countries starting on 1999-01-01. Prices should be entered as "€9.95". Note that if you can't enter "€" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "E" instead. As long as the "E" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "€" when the submission is created.
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-
 
| Ft
 
| Ft
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Forint
 
| Forint
 
| Currency used in Hungary. Prices should be entered as "Ft 30".
 
| Currency used in Hungary. Prices should be entered as "Ft 30".
|-
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| F
 
| F
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Franc (French)
 
| Franc (French)
 
| Used in France prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. For consistency, prices should be entered as in "F6.50", though the price may be listed on the publication as "FF", "Fr", or just "F".  
 
| Used in France prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. For consistency, prices should be entered as in "F6.50", though the price may be listed on the publication as "FF", "Fr", or just "F".  
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-
 
| ƒ
 
| ƒ
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Guilder (Dutch)
 
| Guilder (Dutch)
 
| Used in The Netherlands prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "ƒ12.50".
 
| Used in The Netherlands prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "ƒ12.50".
|-  
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 +
| hrn
 +
| Yes
 +
| Ukrainian hryvnia
 +
| Used in Ukraine since 1996. Prices should be entered as "hrn 58.99".
 +
|-
 
| Kč
 
| Kč
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Czech koruna (crown)
 
| Czech koruna (crown)
| Used in the Czech Republic since 1993. Prices should be entered as "Kč 44.50".
+
| Used in the Czech Republic since 1993. Prices should be entered as "Kč 44.50". Note that if you can't enter "Kč" on your keyboard, you can enter "Kc" instead. As long as "Kc" is followed by a space and a digit, it will be automatically converted to "Kč" when the submission is created.
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| Kčs
 
| Kčs
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Czechoslovak koruna (crown)
 
| Czechoslovak koruna (crown)
| Used in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1939, then again between 1945 and 1993. Prices should be entered as "Kčs 44.50".
+
| Used in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1939, then again between 1945 and 1993. Prices should be entered as "Kčs 44.50". Note that if you can't enter "Kčs" on your keyboard, you can enter "Kcs" instead. As long as "Kcs" is followed by a space and a digit, it will be automatically converted to "Kčs" when the submission is created.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 +
| kn
 +
| Yes
 +
| Croatian kuna
 +
| Used in Croatia since 1994. Prices should be entered as "kn 38.99".
 +
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| Lei
 
| Lei
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Romanian leu
 
| Romanian leu
 
| Used in Romania since 1867. Prices should be entered as "Lei 44.50".
 
| Used in Romania since 1867. Prices should be entered as "Lei 44.50".
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-
 
| Lev
 
| Lev
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Bulgarian lev
 
| Bulgarian lev
 
| Used in Bulgaria since 1881. Prices should be entered as "Lev 17.90".
 
| Used in Bulgaria since 1881. Prices should be entered as "Lev 17.90".
|-  
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| Lit
 
| Lit
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Lira (Italian)
 
| Lira (Italian)
 
| Used prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "Lit 9,000".  
 
| Used prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "Lit 9,000".  
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-
 
| ℳ
 
| ℳ
 
| No
 
| No
 
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_gold_mark German Gold Mark]
 
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_gold_mark German Gold Mark]
 
| Used in the German Empire between 1873 and 1914. Enter with a leading scripted 'M', for example "ℳ1.60".
 
| Used in the German Empire between 1873 and 1914. Enter with a leading scripted 'M', for example "ℳ1.60".
|-  
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| Mx$
 
| Mx$
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Mexican dollars
 
| Mexican dollars
 
| Currency used in Mexico. Enter as "Mx$180.00".
 
| Currency used in Mexico. Enter as "Mx$180.00".
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-
 
| M
 
| M
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Mark (East German)
 
| Mark (East German)
 
| Currency used in East Germany between 1948 and 1990. Prices should be entered as "M 7.80".
 
| Currency used in East Germany between 1948 and 1990. Prices should be entered as "M 7.80".
|-  
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| nkr
 
| nkr
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Norwegian krone
 
| Norwegian krone
 
| Used in Norway. Prices should be entered as "nkr 6.00".
 
| Used in Norway. Prices should be entered as "nkr 6.00".
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-
 
| p (etc.)
 
| p (etc.)
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
Line 170: Line 191:
 
| Used in the British Isles before 1971-02-15 ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_Day Decimal Day].) See notes in [[Template:PublicationFields:Price]] for more details on entering prices in pence or pennies.
 
| Used in the British Isles before 1971-02-15 ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_Day Decimal Day].) See notes in [[Template:PublicationFields:Price]] for more details on entering prices in pence or pennies.
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
|-
 
 
| ₱
 
| ₱
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Pesos (Philippine)
 
| Pesos (Philippine)
 
| Used in the Philippines. Prices should be entered as "₱30". Note that if you can't enter "₱" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "P" instead. As long as the "P" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "₱" when the submission is created.
 
| Used in the Philippines. Prices should be entered as "₱30". Note that if you can't enter "₱" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "P" instead. As long as the "P" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "₱" when the submission is created.
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-
 
| Pta
 
| Pta
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Pesetas
 
| Pesetas
 
| Currency used in Spain prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "Pta 350".
 
| Currency used in Spain prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "Pta 350".
|-  
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| '''$'''
 
| '''$'''
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Pesos
 
| Pesos
 
| Used in several countries to denote "pesos". See the "$ (dollars)" row above for details.
 
| Used in several countries to denote "pesos". See the "$ (dollars)" row above for details.
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-  
 
| £
 
| £
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Pound
 
| Pound
 
| Used in the British Isles (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Isle of Man (Manx) (M£)) as well as Alderney, Falkland Islands (FK£), Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, and Saint Helena. Also note that the pound sign is used in the Egypt pound (E£). Note that if you can't enter "£" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "L" instead. As long as the "L" is followed for a digit, it will be automatically converted to "£" when the submission is created. See notes in [[Template:PublicationFields:Price]] for more details on entering prices in pounds.
 
| Used in the British Isles (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Isle of Man (Manx) (M£)) as well as Alderney, Falkland Islands (FK£), Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, and Saint Helena. Also note that the pound sign is used in the Egypt pound (E£). Note that if you can't enter "£" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "L" instead. As long as the "L" is followed for a digit, it will be automatically converted to "£" when the submission is created. See notes in [[Template:PublicationFields:Price]] for more details on entering prices in pounds.
|-
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| R
 
| R
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Rand (South Africa)
 
| Rand (South Africa)
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| R$
 +
| No
 +
| Real (Brazil)
 
|
 
|
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 +
| Rub
 +
| Yes
 +
| Ruble
 +
| Used in Russia; also used in the USSR in 1922-1991 and in some former parts of the USSR after 1991. Prices should be entered as "RUB 6.90". Note that the symbol "₽", which was adopted by Russia in 2013, is not to be used at this time.
 +
|-
 
| ₹
 
| ₹
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Rupees (India)
 
| Rupees (India)
 
| Used in India.  
 
| Used in India.  
|-  
+
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
| ₨
 
| ₨
 
| No
 
| No
 
| Rupees (Pakistan)
 
| Rupees (Pakistan)
 
| Used in Pakistan since 1948.  
 
| Used in Pakistan since 1948.  
 +
|-
 +
| S
 +
| Yes
 +
| Austrian schilling
 +
| Used in Austria between 1925 and 1938 and then again between 1945 and the transition to the Euro in 1999-20002. Note that the lower case "s" stood for "shilling", a unit of currency in the British Isles prior to 1971-02-15 ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_Day Decimal Day].) See notes in [[Template:PublicationFields:Price]] for more details on entering prices in UK shillings.
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
| s (etc.)
 
| Yes
 
| Shilling
 
| Used in the British Isles prior to 1971-02-15 ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_Day Decimal Day].) See notes in [[Template:PublicationFields:Price]] for more details on entering prices in shillings.
 
|-
 
 
| skr
 
| skr
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Krona/crown (Swedish)
 
| Krona/crown (Swedish)
 
| Used in Sweden. Prices should be entered as "skr 5.00".
 
| Used in Sweden. Prices should be entered as "skr 5.00".
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
+
|-  
 
| Tk
 
| Tk
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
Line 221: Line 251:
 
| Used in Bangladesh since 1972. Prices should be entered as "Tk 1,195".
 
| Used in Bangladesh since 1972. Prices should be entered as "Tk 1,195".
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
 
|- style="border:1px solid black; background-color:#DDE;"
|-
+
| TL
 +
| Yes
 +
| Turkish Lira
 +
| Used in Turkey. Prices should be entered as "TL 15.50".
 +
|-  
 
| ₩
 
| ₩
 
| No
 
| No
Line 231: Line 265:
 
| Yen (Japanese)
 
| Yen (Japanese)
 
| Used in Japan. Note that even though the 円 symbol is also sometimes seen on books, ¥ should be entered in all cases. Prices should be entered as "¥11,200". Note that if you can't enter "¥" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "Y" instead. As long as the "Y" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "¥" when the submission is created.
 
| Used in Japan. Note that even though the 円 symbol is also sometimes seen on books, ¥ should be entered in all cases. Prices should be entered as "¥11,200". Note that if you can't enter "¥" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "Y" instead. As long as the "Y" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "¥" when the submission is created.
|-
+
|-  
 
| 元
 
| 元
 
| No
 
| No
Line 240: Line 274:
 
| Yes
 
| Yes
 
| Polish złoty
 
| Polish złoty
| Used in Poland. Prices should be entered as "zł 29.99".
+
| Used in Poland. Prices should be entered as "zł 29.99". Note that if you can't enter "zł" on your keyboard, you can enter "zl" instead. As long as "zl" is followed by a space and a digit, it will be automatically converted to "zł" when the submission is created.
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 21:37, 9 July 2022

Help Menu
Getting Started

General Help

Editing ISFDB

Editing the ISFDB Wiki


If none of the pages linked here have the information you need, the best place to ask is at the Help Desk. If you don't get a response there, feel free to post on the Moderator noticeboard.

This is a list of currency symbols from around the world as used in the ISFDB database. Note that the "Yes"/"No" value in the "Abbrev." column determines whether a space is added between the currency symbol/abbreviation. Only currencies with "Yes" in the "Abbrev." column have a space.

Symbol Abbrev. Symbol name Notes
A$ No Australian dollars Used in Australia. Prices should be entered as "A$3.95".
Ar$ No Argentinian pesos Used in Argentina. Prices should be entered as "Ar$30.00".
฿ No Baht (Thai) Used in Thailand. Prices should be entered as "฿30". Note that if you can't enter "฿" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "B" instead. As long as the "B" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "฿" when the submission is created.
Bfr Yes Belgian francs Used in Belgium prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "Bfr 450".
¢ or c Yes Cent, centavo Used in multiple countries, including the United States, Canada, and Mexico, as 1/100 of the main currency unit (typically either dollar or peso). Do not enter this symbol into the database; use the main currency unit as explained in Template:PublicationFields:Price instead.
C$ No Canadian dollars Used in Canada. Prices should be entered as "C$3.95".
CHF Yes Swiss francs Used in Switzerland. Prices should be entered as "CHF 15.50".
Din Yes Serbian and Yugoslavian dinars Used in Serbia since 1868; also used in Yugoslavia between 1918 and 2006. Prices should be entered as "Din 21.50".
dkr Yes Danish krone (crown) Used in Denmark. Prices should be entered as "dkr 7.00".
$ No Dollars With no disambiguation, US dollars. The symbol is also embedded in the following countries' currency symbols either as "dollars":
  • Australia: A$
  • Bahamas: B$
  • Barbados: Bds$
  • Belize: BZ$
  • Bermuda: BD$
  • Brunei: B$
  • Canada: C$
  • Cayman Islands: CI$
  • East Caribbean: EC$
  • Fiji: FJ$
  • Guyana: G$
  • Hong Kong: HK$/元/圓
  • Jamaica: J$
  • Kiribati: K$
  • Liberia: L$
  • Namibia: N$
  • New Zealand: NZ$
  • Singapore: S$
  • Solomon Islands: SI$
  • Surinam: Sr$
  • Taiwan: NT$/元/圓
  • Trinidad and Tobago: TT$
  • Tuvalu: TV$

or as "pesos":

  • Argentina: AR$
  • Chile: CLP$
  • Colombia: COL$
  • Cuba: $MN (or Cuba convertible -- CUC$)
  • Dominica: RD$
  • Mexico: Mx$ (also called "Mexican dollars")
  • Uruguay: $U

or as "reals":

  • Brazil: R$

Some of these currencies have individual rows in this table.

DM Yes Deutsche Mark Currency used in West Germany between 1948 and 1990, and then in post-reunification Germany between 1990 and the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Enter as "DM 7.80".
No Euro Used in some European Union countries starting on 1999-01-01. Prices should be entered as "€9.95". Note that if you can't enter "€" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "E" instead. As long as the "E" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "€" when the submission is created.
Ft Yes Forint Currency used in Hungary. Prices should be entered as "Ft 30".
F No Franc (French) Used in France prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. For consistency, prices should be entered as in "F6.50", though the price may be listed on the publication as "FF", "Fr", or just "F".
ƒ No Guilder (Dutch) Used in The Netherlands prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "ƒ12.50".
hrn Yes Ukrainian hryvnia Used in Ukraine since 1996. Prices should be entered as "hrn 58.99".
Yes Czech koruna (crown) Used in the Czech Republic since 1993. Prices should be entered as "Kč 44.50". Note that if you can't enter "Kč" on your keyboard, you can enter "Kc" instead. As long as "Kc" is followed by a space and a digit, it will be automatically converted to "Kč" when the submission is created.
Kčs Yes Czechoslovak koruna (crown) Used in Czechoslovakia between 1919 and 1939, then again between 1945 and 1993. Prices should be entered as "Kčs 44.50". Note that if you can't enter "Kčs" on your keyboard, you can enter "Kcs" instead. As long as "Kcs" is followed by a space and a digit, it will be automatically converted to "Kčs" when the submission is created.
kn Yes Croatian kuna Used in Croatia since 1994. Prices should be entered as "kn 38.99".
Lei Yes Romanian leu Used in Romania since 1867. Prices should be entered as "Lei 44.50".
Lev Yes Bulgarian lev Used in Bulgaria since 1881. Prices should be entered as "Lev 17.90".
Lit Yes Lira (Italian) Used prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "Lit 9,000".
No German Gold Mark Used in the German Empire between 1873 and 1914. Enter with a leading scripted 'M', for example "ℳ1.60".
Mx$ No Mexican dollars Currency used in Mexico. Enter as "Mx$180.00".
M Yes Mark (East German) Currency used in East Germany between 1948 and 1990. Prices should be entered as "M 7.80".
nkr Yes Norwegian krone Used in Norway. Prices should be entered as "nkr 6.00".
p (etc.) Yes Pence, penny Used in the British Isles before 1971-02-15 (Decimal Day.) See notes in Template:PublicationFields:Price for more details on entering prices in pence or pennies.
No Pesos (Philippine) Used in the Philippines. Prices should be entered as "₱30". Note that if you can't enter "₱" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "P" instead. As long as the "P" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "₱" when the submission is created.
Pta Yes Pesetas Currency used in Spain prior to the transition to the euro in 1999-2002. Prices should be entered as "Pta 350".
$ No Pesos Used in several countries to denote "pesos". See the "$ (dollars)" row above for details.
£ No Pound Used in the British Isles (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Isle of Man (Manx) (M£)) as well as Alderney, Falkland Islands (FK£), Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, and Saint Helena. Also note that the pound sign is used in the Egypt pound (E£). Note that if you can't enter "£" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "L" instead. As long as the "L" is followed for a digit, it will be automatically converted to "£" when the submission is created. See notes in Template:PublicationFields:Price for more details on entering prices in pounds.
R Yes Rand (South Africa)
R$ No Real (Brazil)
Rub Yes Ruble Used in Russia; also used in the USSR in 1922-1991 and in some former parts of the USSR after 1991. Prices should be entered as "RUB 6.90". Note that the symbol "₽", which was adopted by Russia in 2013, is not to be used at this time.
No Rupees (India) Used in India.
No Rupees (Pakistan) Used in Pakistan since 1948.
S Yes Austrian schilling Used in Austria between 1925 and 1938 and then again between 1945 and the transition to the Euro in 1999-20002. Note that the lower case "s" stood for "shilling", a unit of currency in the British Isles prior to 1971-02-15 (Decimal Day.) See notes in Template:PublicationFields:Price for more details on entering prices in UK shillings.
skr Yes Krona/crown (Swedish) Used in Sweden. Prices should be entered as "skr 5.00".
Tk Yes Taka (Bangladesh) Used in Bangladesh since 1972. Prices should be entered as "Tk 1,195".
TL Yes Turkish Lira Used in Turkey. Prices should be entered as "TL 15.50".
No Won Used in the Republic of Korea (South Korea.) Prices should be entered as "₩14,800".
¥ No Yen (Japanese) Used in Japan. Note that even though the 円 symbol is also sometimes seen on books, ¥ should be entered in all cases. Prices should be entered as "¥11,200". Note that if you can't enter "¥" on your keyboard, you can use an uppercase "Y" instead. As long as the "Y" is followed by a digit, it will be automatically converted to "¥" when the submission is created.
No Yuan Used for the Chinese yuan (元/圆), in circulation in the People's Republic of China (mainland China).
Yes Polish złoty Used in Poland. Prices should be entered as "zł 29.99". Note that if you can't enter "zł" on your keyboard, you can enter "zl" instead. As long as "zl" is followed by a space and a digit, it will be automatically converted to "zł" when the submission is created.